Explain and evaluate Bebe's teleological argument for the existence of Essay

Explain and evaluate Bebe's teleological argument for the existence of God - Essay Example He was one of the proponents of intelligent design supporting the existence of God, Behe initially supported the scientific theory, however after studying Evolution by Michael Denton changed his mind and started to question the evolution theory. He later came to believe the availability of evidence at biomedical level. He believed there were system irreducibly complex. He argued that such system could not even by any rule, have evolved by natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin. He believed that very intelligent designer must have created such systems. He believed that only intelligent designer could give the only possible explanations for the complicated structures. His logic was similar with other proponents such as the William Paley of 1802 who gave the proof of the existence of the divine creator. He defended his argument through opening the direct experimental rebuttal. He made his thought clear by giving illustration by bacterial flagellum which he claimed to be irreduc ibly complex therefore required an intelligent designer. His other side is that the flagellum cannot be produced through natural selection operating on random mutation or other unclear process. To falsify his claim he demanded a scientist to go to the laboratory and place a bacterial species without flagellum under selective pressure to grow for ten thousand generation and watch if the flagellum produced. He further said if that could happen then he be neatly be disapproved. To obtain the triumph enjoyed by Darwinism he brought out many observational facts into the coherent framework appealing to people view of the surrounding. He used the illustrations of how people see through the eye organ. He argued that in 19 century, the anatomy of the eye was well known, and all the complicated ways the eye employ to function by delivering accurate picture. Therefore, to lose the eye was so serious. It known that the eye could only function

Abstract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract - Assignment Example Modernization is a positive step forward, but what about what we leave behind? Building new, technologically-advanced and expensive cities cannot alleviate poverty or reduce the income gap that is expanding every year. According to Cohen, large cities like Tokyo, Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Bangkok follow the unsustainable blueprint of grander projects at the expense of equity. Cohen (55) argues that growing cosmopolitan jungles like Delhi are also joining the fray by ignoring the poor and giving more power to the privileged. Cohen cites sources that highlight poor sanitation, health, housing and unemployment are the undercurrents that define 21st century cities. Sadly, these same issues were present in 19th and 20th century cities, but we have chosen to continue the trend instead of stopping it. Which begs the question, how long will we keep it going? How long do we think the poor can continue watching opportunities being given to the rich? A solution is needed; urgently. Results: Cohen argues that the events of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and Cabalgata de los Indignados show that we are sitting on a time bomb that will destroy everybody; the rich and the poor. As much as these events were politically motivated, social conditions played a huge role in their occurrence. The fact that they took place in major cities of those countries is another reason to worry. For example, why did the Occupy Wall Street protesters not go to Denver or Washington? The answer is because New York has enough frustrated people to sustain such a drive. We need to start designing urban 3.0, the cities that will gradually do away with the inequalities inherent in our current white elephants. Cohen’s analysis and arguments are based on past experiences and credible sources that support his claims. According to Cohen, this is not to say that urban 3.0 will solve all our problems, but it will reduce them significantly. It is all a matter of good planning

Challenges That Face The Organizational Behaviour Business Essay

Challenges That Face The Organizational Behaviour Business Essay Employee and customer satisfaction are the vital elements of an organisation to survive in the continuous changing world. To function effectively, the organisation must understand the culture and the diversity of the employees. Organisations must adapt to the changes of technology and customer needs, therefore the importance of the work force is a pivotal role facing any organisation today. In the past, behaviour patterns of the employees were not taken much care of, but today it is key structure to obtaining success within and outside the organisation. Every organisation has its own distinct behaviours, characteristics that portray the companys ways of building a positive and productive relationship within the work force. The companys philosophy, values, mission, vision, goals and objectives, communication, capacity to embrace changes, culture and learning sets as its model framework which outlines its function. Every detail of the behavioural aspect in an organisation is incorporat ed in the field of discipline now known as organisational behaviour. Organisational behaviour is a broad study of knowledge about how individuals and groups act in their respective organizations. Organisational behaviour in management can be viewed as the behavioural pattern of people in management; the manner and way people interact within the organisation. Management is to organise, control and achieve the objectives of the owners of the organisations that employ them. The management operates through the manager who exercises great care in administering the resources of the organisation. According to the Management guru Peter Drucker (1909 2005) the basic task of management is marketing and innovation. Directors and managers have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise to the best of their ability. Frenchman Henri Fayol (1841 -1925) considers management to consist of six functions, forecasting, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, controlling. Business Strategy A key factor in the running of organisations is the business strategy the organisation develops. Business strategy refers to how a business competes successfully in a particular market. It concerns strategic decisions on meeting the need of its customers, the choice of its product, gaining an advantage over its competitors, exploiting or creating new opportunities. A business strategy is typically the direction a business will pursue and the steps it will take to achieve its goal. A successful business strategy will identify what a business wants to accomplish, the strengths it can bring to bear on accomplishing the goals and weaknesses that must be addressed prior to integration and implementation. Business strategy determines the direction of the business in the long run, competition in the market and resources required for it to be able to compete. These are all factors which affect the overall outcome of the business and have to be taken seriously in order to achieve the goal req uired. Case study A typical example of a case study of a business strategy is Vijay Patel a self made millionaire. He is the founder chairman Waymade Healthcare, a drugs company. Although he has achieved considerable wealth already he is not ready to give up: Ive got a long way to go. It isnt about making more wealth. It is about achieving the goals I have set for my business. My ambition is to become a mini Glaxo by 2010. (Glaxco is one of the worlds leading pharmaceutical companies.) Sunday times, 10 September 2000 Innovation and Creativity Another critical element in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives are what new ideas can be integrated to achieve success in an organisation. Many companies introduce new ideas and plans to achieve their targets and goals. This is an important part of future success within any organisation. New technology has become available over the years which have led to newer options available to organisations which seemed distant before. Companies structure the business on these advances in technology, allowing them to have a clear vision of what they would like to achieve in the future. This process of change is known as innovation and creativity. All organisations can innovate but where some will flourish, some will also fail. Introducing innovation and creativity will have positive and negative effects as new developments bring in fresh ideas which change old practises with new ones. The Challenge for all organisations is to keep ahead of changing market conditions, new technologies and human resources issues. Management of these changes are the most important challenges facing any organisation. The management have to be very adaptive and flexible. The management must have open, caring relations with every employee and face to face communication. There is also a systemic approach to business innovation, which includes change in organisation, strategy, technology, process, product and marketing. All of these will be affected by innovation and need to evolve to adapt with changes. Case study BT is unique in having an end-to-end open innovation process. The company scouts the latest innovations and trends in the market worldwide, creates prototypes rapidly in hothouses, uses its own research, and partners with academic institutions to create products and services for its customers. A recent successful innovation that was rapidly down streamed for use by BT Retail was the development of BT FON application for the iPhone and Android smart phones. They enable users to find the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot and roam to it instead of using the expensive data channel provided by their mobile operator. The concept for the application was rapidly developed by BT Innovate and Design researchers and developers to become one of the most downloaded free apps on both the Apple and Android sites. Control To achieve and maintain the quality within the organization is of critical importance which is through control process, which refers to examining the activities whether these are done in a planned and organized way. There are three types of control: market control which deals with the external market mechanic (price competition), bureaucratic control emphasis on organisation authority, admisinistration rules, regulation and policies, whereas clean control is related with behaviours patterns of employees such as norms, values, believes. Control is important to as it provide assurance in the terms of goal fulfilments. Control is considered as the final link in the management process. It tells us successful accomplishment of the organisation goals by examines planning empowering the works and their safety at workplace. The following three step control process involves: 1. Assessment of actual perform 2. Comparing it with a standard 3. Managerial discussions to correct deviations or inadequate standard in order to measure control process following measure are utilized: 1. Personal observed 2. Statistrical reports 3. Oral reports 4. Letter report To ensure control, it is very important to compare actual performance with the pre established standard in order to correct actual performance or revise the standard. Quality Control: Quality control is an important aspect of management which talk about added value to product and services which set them apart from competitors .it is an important part of companys strategy, important at every level of operations process. The goal of quality control is to identify mistakes and correct them as soon as possible. Quality built trust and productivity increases profit for the organisation. Traditional quality control emphases on mistakes rather then preventing them. Wall Shewort (1930) introduced statistical quality control, comprised of acceptance sampling approach and process control. Process control production: It deals with measuring out put and comparing it to pre-establish standards for example: canned soups are retained within certain temperature during processing. it temperature is too high, soup would have burning taste and if temperature is too low then there is a chance of bacteria in the soup. If process control procedure detects a shift beyond an accurate temperature range corrective action can be taken. Acceptance sampling process It tests a small sample and small sample is fine than the whole is also accepted. If sample is bad than the lot is rejected. Quality assurance People are key to quality and works, work hard for zero defects Total quality management It refers to when the workers (quality circles) discuss different methods to improve quality of products and solve production problems. This strategic commitment is known as total quality management, which requires 70% members support decision. Case study: Motivation Motivation refers to goal directed behaviour. It can be describe as direction and persistent of action. Twyla Dell describes motivation as what people actually expect from work they perform. The employee gets rewarded in return of their hard work to improve productivity, quality and services. Employees, who are motivated and dedicated to work, feel satisfied with their work performance. Their higher degree of interest results in better organisational development There are two major categories of motivation content theory and process theory. Content theory discusses the elements which serve as motivation for an individual at work and emphasis upon peoples needs and goals and effort to achieve their goals. Process theories deals with initiation of a particular set of behaviour, its direction and stability, involves expectancy based model, equity theory, goal theory and attribution theory. Major that comes under content aspect are Maslows hierarchy of needs model; Alderfer,s modifield need hierarchy model; Herzbergs two-factor theory; McClellands achievement motivation theory. Maslows theory According to Maslows to achieve self action the basic needs of a person needs to be fulfilled first. The second step is saftly.when the individual feel secure, he and she seeks love and develop esteem. Once these needs are fulfilled, self action is the high need to be fulfilled. Maslows hierarchy of needs model In the context of work motivation, Herzberg Herzberg presents his two-factor theory, which comprised of maintenance factors and Growth factor. Maintenance factor Maintenance factor are related with job, its environment .If an individual is jobless, and he or she would be dissatisfaction. Growth factor Growth factor, on the other hand, related with effort in Terms of improving job performance. Case study Tom Monaghan founder of Dominos pizza emphasises people behaviour at work striving to accomplish the goal and meet the challenges. When their efforts rewarded, the workers gain a sense of belongingness and recognition. He strictly believes in the light of his own experience that his employees got some dreams and are willing to work with an aim to bring their dreams in to reality. With this perception facilitates them to prove his belief right. In terms of career development, Dominos offers employees follow the Monaghans own success path who started out as a delivery person and moving up through the position of store manager. Following this tradition, Dominos employees have taken great opportunity to start their own franchises. Monaghan ran Dominos according to a modification of Alderfers model of work motivation with the belief that people need to be rewarded for their efforts and that most of them, like him, have dreams that can be nurtured and satisfied by material wealth. Whether these dreams coincide with basic existence needs or the need of some people to find self-esteem through possessions is a matter of debate among psychologist. Whether they can be practical managerial creativity. Monoghan also believed that people need a sense of belonging and that they want to cooperate with others in a successful working environment.thus, Dominos emphasizes teamwork. Even working at a somewhat routine and standardized job like pizza delivery, it is possible for a Dominos employee to b part of a group, a family, with the sense of belonging that families engender. In addition, Dominos has a clear system of extrinsic rewards, including the opportunity to advance and become a franchise owner.Thus employees have a clear expectation of what they must do to earn certain rewards. Finally, we might explain Dominos success by the fact that it challenges people to use their creativity. In a business as straightforward as pizza parlors, Dominos has found that innovation and creativity can play an improving the company product, in enhancing their own talents in the pursuit of their own opportunities, and in making the organisation successful Factors responsible for ineffective performance of work organisation and steps to over come As we discussed above factors responsible for effective work organisation. If any one of the above stated factors such as business strategy, innovation and creativity, quality control, does not function properly, the stability of an organisation is disturbed. And these disturbances put the organisational objectives at risk, leading to failure to achieve the desired outcome. According to a survey (2009), the Society of Human Recourse Management emphasised factors important for job satisfaction. These are job security, correlation with immediate supervisor, benefits, constant contact between employee and senior management, chance to show skills and abilities, appraisals, health and safety. Besides, there are other factors in the working organisation responsible for the unsuccessful performance of the workforce to accomplish the outlined goals. These are as follow: Lack of motivation Lack of Information Insufficient recourses Time management These factors and many other are important for successful work organization but in my view lack of motivation is the most important factor which put the whole organisation at risk and refrain it to accomplish the set goals. Lack of motivation Motivation plays a significant role in organising human behaviour at work. Increase in salary, rewards, and benefits, flexible timings, job security, promotions all keep an individual committed to their work. If any of these incentives are withdrawn, interest of the employees decreased and they start looking for some other organization which meets their needs. On the other hand, if the do not join another organisation, and remain in the same organisation, their quality of work decreased. They unable tp perform at their best. The worker might develop some psychological problems as a result of continuous stress. They consider the job as a duty irrespective of the matter that they enjoy it or not. They consider the job is the basic requirement to fulfil the basic need of themselves and their family. Manager plays a vital role regarding workforce motivation and keeping their morale high. Employees motivation is the key factor which effect organisation performance. The manager should know the aptitude of employees because every individual has different personality. The manager is to involve all the staff members in the decision making process and create friendly environment. The organisation must provide the opportunity to its work force to develop their knowledge and skills. They must be involved in different task in order to build confidence in their respective area. The employees must be provided with complete information about how to perform a task in a given time frame. They must be allowed to work independently, be capable of making decision. Their goal directed behaviour indicates task management with higher level of responsibility. Giving confidence to the employees to attend in higher level meetings provide more access to important and desirable meetings and projects. Employee might be added in specific mailing lists, in company briefings keep them aware regarding company matters. They should be provided opportunity to impact department or company goals, priorities, and measurements. Modern nature of work organisation Work Organisation Change Work organisation change refers to change within organisation which effects the internal as well as external environment of the organisation. Organisation change can be initiated by the manager within organisation and it can be due to changes in policy or due to some external forces e.g., clients demand. In order to survive, the organisation must have the potential to accomplished changes. Factor of organisational change 1. Uncertain economic scenario 2. Globalisation 3. Government intervention 4. Lack of natural resources 5. Swift developments in new technology and the information age; 6. Quality assurance and high standards of customer satisfaction 7. Increased flexibility in the structure of work organisations patterns of management 8. The changing composition of staff Change within organisation is related with time factor. Old dated material resources( (machinery, equipment) as well as human resources in terms of lack of modern skill and knowledge and lack of aptitude in the labour force results in change. These problems can be over come by regular repair of the equipment, physical material and update these with advance technology. While on the other hand, human resource management can run training workshops in order to empower their work force with relevant skill and knowledge in their respective area. Change in organization is an indispensible element in todays technologically advanced world. However, organizational change has faced many challenges in order to accept it by the members of the staff and even the organization as a whole. Due to its challenging nature, organisational change has been criticised keeping in view the following factors: 1. If the change does not meet the need of organisation and employees 2. If the organisation ignore needs and expectations of employees 2. If the employees are ignorant or have less information about the change 3. If the member realized there is no need for change When the employees have insufficient information, they resist change which might be a big hurdle to achieve the goals. Every member has his or her own perception and interprets the change by using his/her own particular perspective or frame of mind. For example Habib Bank Ltd. Pakistan (2007) introduced customer relationship officers (CRO) and employed fresh graduate with updated skill and knowledge. This change was unacceptable for senior employees and they took many years to accept this change by changing their perception with the help of continues meetings and organising socials and training workshop combined with the new staff. Similarly, habits of the members serve as a source of security and when change is necessary, it leads to resistance. Effort is required to provide some rewards in order to build new habits. Change is also perceived as loss of freedom and economic implications, insecurity and fear of the unknown. For example introduction to new technology put heavy pressure on members in order to maintain their position in the orgnisation. Another major criticism is when the organisation resists the change as they are comfortable with the structure, environment and rules, already established within organisation. The possible reasons might be organisation culture, maintaining stability, investment in resources past agreements and threats to power. Organisational culture The development of the culture of an organisation is a long term process, and influence the organisation process and behaviour pattern of the staff members. So it is not easy to bring change and accept it promptly. However, ineffective culture is prone to change easily. Maintaining stability Large organisation more often sounds to be stable. Therefore change in organisation structure, rules, division of tasks leads to resistance to accept change. Investment in resources: To bring change, large resources are also required. Therefore the organisation experience difficulties if their resources are already invested in some project. Similarly past contracts of an organisation with some other organisation can cause resistance to accept change. Lastly change might be perceived as a threat by some group in power. As a result of change, there is strong chance that their influence on decision making or resource is minimized. Case study The following case study provides evidence regarding the outcome of organisation change. These outcomes are related with leadership, motivation, culture change

Eiffel tower Essay -- essays papers

Eiffel tower Just imagine you are standing 300 meters that is 984 ft above the ground, looking down at the beautiful city of Paris. The wind is blowing at your face and it is messing up your hair, but you do not care. You are on the top of the highest building in the center of culture, the magnificent Paris and that is all that matters. Yes, you are standing on top of Eiffel Tower. This is the first thing that comes to your mind when you think about Paris, the tall, lean tower. But have you ever wonder what would a symbol of Paris be if Eiffel Tower were never built? When you think about Eiffel Tower you seem to automatically associate it with Paris but that was not always the case. Eiffel Tower, consider by many as a miracle of the world, is a magnificent creation of the 19th century European architecture that has become a characteristic symbol of Paris. Undoubtedly, Eiffel Tower is one of the greatest monuments of the world. It was built for the 1889 International Exposition and was created to mark the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution While the Eiffel Tower has welcomed 32,250,297 people to L'exposition de Paris, Parisians did not welcome the tower at first. Many famous artists and writers protested against the construction of the tower claiming that it will change the image of Paris and will put other monuments in shade. Also, many felt that it was dangerous because of its height it might fall, ugly, and did not reflect their city's culture. In ...

Epic Stories ‘Paradise Lost’ and ‘The Ramayana’ Essay

‘The Ramayana’ and ‘Paradise Lost’ hold stories of ancient times that tend to explain the existence of two different cultures in the present world. Milton, the author of ‘Paradise Lost,’ concerns himself with the Christian story of the ‘Fall of man’ while Valmiki, the author of The Ramayana, tries to bring out an explanation to the goals of human life. In this assignment, I would like to compare author’s use of two female characters in both ‘The Ramayan’ and ‘Paradise Lost’ as I try to explain the mythological themes expressed in these two old myths (Jung 64). Eve in ‘Paradise Lost’ and Sita in ‘The Ramayan’ are the two female characters used extensively by the authors in these separate stories in an attempt to explain the goals of human life and likewise the reason for the fall of man. The story exhibited by Milton in the book ‘Paradise Lost’ has been told in countless stories and also portrayed in pictures in most religious places as well as paintings to that effect. Similar stories that relate to the book ‘The Ramayana’ can as well be found in Classical mythology (Fryer 233). Jung explains the term myths to be fatal experiences whose effects are normally felt in personal life. He classified myths according to its unconscious nature because he believes that by doing so, they will be accepted by the society hence help shape their traditions and culture. The contents of the personal unconscious are chiefly the feeling-toned complexes while the contents of the collective unconscious are known as archetypes (Jung 66). Different interpretations have been made in relation to the Garden of Eden story with most Christians holding the belief that it was actually true, another interpretation tries to portray it as a story that shows transition in t he way of life of the ancient people while a final interpretation tries to show that the truth behind the myth is baseless, though universally people live in accordance to the values it shows (Fryer 248). According to the unconscious nature possessed by people about myths is what constitutes  complex feeling-tones of individual’s private and personal psychic life. Eve, in the book ‘Paradise Lost’ has widely been regarded as the symbol of unconscious. She is seen as the figure of the animating principle and also as one that develops the growth of this principle. Franz holds the same view and explains further that she makes us believe that life may be lived. He says â€Å"Eve is full of traps and snares and in order for man to fall, he should ensnare himself there, reach the earth and stay caught so that he should live a full life† (Jung 68). This he believes that Eve accomplished by not resting until she had convinced Adam of the goodness of the forbidden apple. Eve does not see the apple as evil but as an opportunity to become wiser (Franz 56-74). Empson argues that Eve sees the eating of the apple as a test of her courage to break the commandment and graduate to a new stage of relationship with God Almighty (Empson 45-57). In attempting to comment on the serpent’s witty advances to Eve by explaining the good that comes with breaking the commandment and the benefits that eating the apple brings, Empson agrees that Eve feels that she has to break the commandment so as to show her courage and whether her desire to get to Heaven is real enough to call her courage out. He does not accept the notion that Eve is a female symbol that is used to bring out the unconscious belief in the book ‘Paradise Lost’. Empson differs with Jung’s belief of viewing eating of fruits as a sign of new beginning of life. According to Empson, the test is rooted in hermeneutics. He believes that the reason why Eve disobeyed God was because she thought God never meant what he said (Empson 122-247). The two, Empson and Jung, though both believe that Eve’s contribution to the fall is due to her desire. She does not choose to eat the apple because it is evil, but because it is an opportunity to attain another good in the book ‘Paradise Lost’, Milton differs with his predecessors who had also written stories about Adam and Eve. Milton predecessors portray Eve as deficient in virtuous enterprise. They blamed Eve for the woes of the world and their concept of Eve rooted in dualism, a view that is not depicted by Milton in the book ‘Paradise Lost’. Milton, represent Eve as a literary figure separating her from primitive conception by those who hold on tradition yet they are unconscious of prime examples of Eve in the society. ‘Paradise Lost’ is a literary epic of a personal effort while ‘The Ramayan’, however, is a non-literary epic. Sita is the dominant female character in the story ‘The Ramayana’ and thus is comparable to Eve in ‘Paradise Lost’ in their contribution to bringing the mythical themes to the two stories as they are both mythical symbols. ‘Paradise Lost’ is a work of a single individual and thus it is possible to conclude that the characters involved in the story are a projection of the author’s ideas on how he wants the characters to appear. It can thus be said that the characters in ‘Paradise Lost’ are truly Milton’s characters. This cannot be said of the characters in the epic story ‘The Ramayana since it is a collective effort of different people in bringing out the epic story. It is due to this that the comparison of the two primary characters in the two separate stories becomes interesting . Sita is first introduced in the epic story at Janak’s wedding. She is regularly referred to as faithful, gentle, soft and sweet. In the epic story, a marriage of husband and wife is regarded to as a linkage. This resembles the marriage as depicted in the bible in the book of Genesis, where Adam is quoted as referring to Eve as ‘flesh of my flesh’. The epic story also shows man as superior to the woman, as it indicates that the woman is the shadow to the man’s masculine substance. Sita’s limitation occurs when she gets obsessed with her attraction to the deer’s beauty that she sends Rama out to go and look for it. Her obsession is magnified when she gives an option that if Rama cannot catch the deer alive, then at least he brings her the deer’s body so that she may use it as a rag. Rama becomes angry after Lakshman refuses to obey his orders when she sends him out to look for him. Her desire exposes her to Ravan’s desires which force him to kidnap her and carry her away with him to Lanka. This situation is in sharp contrast to that of Eve in the epic story ‘Paradise Lost’. In ‘The Ramayana’, Sita’s fall is her desire for a good that is illusory which separates her from Rama her protector and thus becomes vulnerable to capture, while to Eve, it makes her vulnerable to temptation by the serpent which later leads to her eating of the apple. The two scenarios depict the same theme content, and that is a woman’s desire that leads to unfortunate endings. In the case of ‘Paradise Lost’, the eviction from the Garden of Eden, while in ‘The Ramayana’, a war ensued. The contrast in the way the two characters are shown in the two epic stories is also different. The author individualize Eve right from the start of the book however in the case of Sita, the author individualize her after the incidence where she became angry with Lakshman for not obeying her when she sends her to go fetch Rama. Of the two, Eve as portrayed in the book ‘Paradise Lost’ is in contrast with how she has always been portrayed by people generally and other poets too. She is shown as an object of desire, her work in the garden and her sexual relations with Adam. She is thus the author’s portrait of an ideal woman with an exception being her desire for knowledge which indicates her as a cultural symbol. Sita on the other hand is more of an ideal character. The psychological reality that is shown by Sita’s story and her loss is evident too in other classical myths and is also present in the Biblical myths of the Garden of Eden. The nature of ‘The Ramayana’ epic story also helps in suppressing many other author’s ideals and aspirations as it is a collective work of individual elements. The analysis of the two characters gives the conclusion that a character’s thematic condition is reliant on the poet’s capacity of showcasing his own ideals. Works Cited Dutt, Romesh. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata. London: Dent, 1910. Empson, William. Milton’s God, London: Chatto & Windus, 1961. Franz, M,-L. ‘The Process of Individuation.† Man and His Symbols. ed. Carl G. Jung. New York: Dell, 1964. Fryer, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957. Jung, Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Milton, John. Paradise Lost; An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: Norton, 1975.

Examine the relationship between Volpone and Mosca Essay

Examine the relationship between Volpone and Mosca in Acts I and II; to what extent is Volpone presented as the dominant partner?  During The Argument at the beginning of the play the audience is told that, although the play’s title is ‘Volpone’, the play is mostly centred on ‘his parasite’, Mosca, and the cross-plots he ‘weaves’ as he ‘assures’ and ‘deludes’ the other characters. Despite this, Volpone is not entirely submissive. There are several occasions where he is the stronger, commanding character, and throughout the play there are some elements of permanent authority, which cannot be overlooked. As stated in ‘The Persons of the Comedy’, Volpone is a ‘Magnifico’, an entrepreneur who would be socially higher than his parasite, Mosca, and therefore better educated than him. This good education is seen in Act II Scene ii as Volpone speaks as the mountebank, Scoto of Mantua. Although it is unknown who contrived the plot, although it is assumed to be Mosca as he suggests the disguise, Volpone uses scientific language, such as ‘mal caduco’ and ‘hernia ventosa’, to convince the crowd to buy his oil, even calling in ‘Oglio del Scoto’. Even if Mosca had created the idea, he would have been unable to use such language to make the crowd believe Volpone was Scoto, and therefore he is reliant on Volpone’s knowledge to help carry out his plans. This social dominance on Volpone’s part is also seen immediately in Act I Scene i, as Jonson presents Volpone languishing in bed while Mosca does his bidding, waking Volpone for the day and opening the shrine at his behest to reveal the ‘saint’ that is his gold. This wealth provides another area of dominance, although this is also a factor affecting class, as Mosca is dependent on Volpone’s wealth to support him as this provides him with a home and pay, so the typical master and servant positions are assumed. Mosca never forgets his place in society, and Volpone frequently orders him about, such as upon the arrival of Voltore at the end of Act I Scene ii when he asks Mosca to ‘fetch’ his ‘gown’,’ furs, and nightcap’. These are duties that Mosca has to perform, and when ordered to do something by Volpone he has to agree and execute the task without argument. These factors mean that Volpone is the overriding authority in this relationship, and Mosca dare not openly disagree with Volpone as he could lose everything. Despite Volpone having a great deal of possible power and influence, he is often presented as the weaker of the two with a great deal of dependence on Mosca, thereby making Mosca the dominant partner. An example of this is seen in Act I Scene I, as Volpone asks Mosca â€Å"Why dost thou laugh so, man?† suggesting that he is insecure and seeks Mosca’s reassurance in case he is the subject of the laughter. This makes Mosca the leading member of the relationship, showing Volpone’s emotional dependence on his servant. He is also dependent on Mosca to carry out the ‘cunning purchase’ of his wealth, with Mosca having to make excuses for other clients visiting, such as when he tells Voltore to ‘put business’ in his face as he leaves, as he is an advocate, and then tells Corbaccio Volpone ‘was about his testament’ ‘for [Corbaccio’s] good’, giving him a positive reason for Voltore’s presence. Through this M osca also manages to increase the wealth accumulated through their enterprise, by playing the three clients off against each other. This is again seen in Act 1 Scene iv as Mosca tells Corbaccio of Voltore’s ‘piece of plate’ for Volpone ‘to be his heir’, leading him to proffer ‘a bag of bright chequins’, and later to proclaim Volpone his ‘sole heir’, thereby denying his ‘brave, and highly meriting’ son, Bonario. However, this does not entirely prove Mosca to be the stronger orchestrator of events or show Volpone to be weak, as Volpone has to act the dying man, and therefore cannot play a great role in manipulating the clients. This is shown in the way Mosca handles the subplot of Celia more skilfully than Volpone, and his greater level of control and forward thinking. Mosca’s role in the play is more as a stage manager than a servant, and on many occasions he is shown to handle situations more adroitly than Volpone. One of the greatest ways Jonson shows this is in the plot to win Celia, something that Mosca himself introduces in Act 1 Scene v, enticing Volpone as he calls her ‘The blazing star of Italy’. In doing this, Mosca creates a new need for himself, making Volpone even more dependent on him as Mosca knows details regarding Celia, such as Corvino’s ‘guard, of ten spies thick, upon her’, while Volpone had not heard of her.